Top Ten

Top 10 Oil Rerves in the World

2013-05-09T23:59:14Z

VENEZUELA

Early in 2011, recently deceased President Hugo Chavez announced that Venezuela held the largest proven oil reserves in the world—a whopping 297 billion barrels worth, topping the previous long-term world leader, Saudi Arabia, by more than 30 billion barrels.

The country also contains oil sands deposits, less viscous than Canada's, meaning they can be produced by more conventional means but are buried deeper and, thus, harder to extract.

Although the country continues to be one of the US' largest suppliers, the development of its oil reserves has long been affected by political unrest.

Under Chavez, Venezuela's tens of billions of dollars worth of oil earnings were redistributed in the form of cheap gasoline (18 cents per gallon or less) both at home and in parts of the Caribbean and Latin America. Production, however, declined during his reign due to inadequate investment in energy infrastructure and the replacement of skilled labor with political loyalists. The next president will be forced to confront the economic and political consequences of that regime.

SAUDI ARABIA

Coming in second place, the Kingdom's reserves are estimated to be 267 billion barrels of crude, about one-fifth of the world's total conventional oil reserves. Although the country has about 100 major oil and gas fields, over half of its supplies are found in eight massive fields, including the world's largest, the Ghawar Field.

IRAQ

Although Iraq has only officially confirmed reserves of 143 billion barrels of oil, recent geological survey and seismic data have led the government to believe that the country has the world's largest oil reserves (over 350 billion barrels). Due to military occupation, official statistics have not been revised since 2001.

CANADA

The majority of Canada's oil reserves (over 95 per cent) can be found in its oil sands deposits in the province of Alberta. Whether or not a 2,100-mile pipeline will be built to carry some of that crude to refineries in the southern US through the Keystone XL pipeline continues to see heated debate between proponents and environmental groups in North America.

IRAN

Tying with Canada in third place, Iran has about 150 billion barrels of proven oil reserves—roughly ten per cent of the world's total proven petroleum reserves. Iran is also the world's fourth-largest oil producer and OPEC's second-largest producer after Saudi Arabia.

KUWAIT

OPEC's third-largest oil producer claims to hold around 104 billion barrels, including the five billion barrels in the Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zones shared with Saudi Arabia. Most of those supplies are located in the Burgan field, the second-largest conventional oil field in the world.

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

With about 98 billion barrels, the UAE is a tiny country with vast reserves, most of which can be found at the third-largest oil field in the Middle East, the Zakum field.

RUSSIA

Russia's oil production has been up and down for decades due to factors including the collapse of the former Soviet Union, privatization of the industry, fluctuations in global prices and the use of newer technologies to rejuvenate old oil fields. Today, the country is the largest producer and exporter of oil in the world.

LIBYA

Oil reserves in Libya are the largest in Africa and the fifth-largest in the world (about 77 billion barrels worth of oil as of 2010). Due to the low cost of oil production in the area and its proximity to Europe, Libya is an extremely attractive place for development. Sanctions and disagreements with foreign oil companies, however, leave much of the country yet to be explored.

KAZAHKSTAN

With an estimated 49 billion barrels worth of proven reserves, Kazahkstan holds a significant portion of global oil supply. Of its over 200 discovered oil and gas accumulations, the Kashagen, Tengiz and Karachaganak fields are considered giants.

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Top 10 Mines Around the World

2013-04-08T23:53:30Z

1. McArthur River (Saskatchewan)

Discovered in 1988, the MacArther River Uranium Mine is the world's largest high-grade uranium deposit—accounting for 14% of world mine production.

Located north of Saskatoon and northeast of the Key Lake mil in the uranium rich Athabasca Basin, production is regulated at 18.7 million pounds of yellowcake annually. Between the year the mine achieved full commercial production in 2000 and 2011, the operation has produced 211 pounds of U3O8.

The mine has been awarded several times for having the best safety record for metal mines from the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum. Owned by Cameco Corporation (70%) and AREVA Resources Canada Inc (30%), the mine has proven and probable reserves of 870,200 tonnes (324.0 Million pounds).

2. Rabbit Lake (Saskatchewan)

The second largest uranium milling facility in the West is Saskatchewan's longest operating uranium production facility: Rabbit Lake. After its discovery in 1968, exploration has resulted in the discovery of additional deposits in the area. It has also won several safety record awards from the Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.

3. Rössing Uranium Mine (Namibia)

Located in the Namib Desert near the town of Arandis in Namibia sits one of the largest open pit uranium mines in the world. The mine was discovered in 1928 and started operations in 1976. By 2005, the mine produced over 3,700 tonnes of uranium oxide, becoming the world's fifth largest uranium mine, with eight percent of global output. Namibia in itself is the world's fourth-largest exporter of uranium.

4. Candelaria and Ojo del Salado Mines (Chile)

Under the ownership of FCX (80%) and affiliates of Sumitomo Corporation (20%), Candelaria is a 6,000 metric ton-per-day underground copper mine. Ojos del Salado consists of nearby underground copper mines. A world leader in water conservation, Candelaria was the first mining operation in the world to certify all of its facilities under ISO 14001 standards.

5. Grasberg (Indonesia)

The largest gold mine and third largest copper mine in the world, the Grasberg Mine, is located in the highest mountain in Papua, Indonesia. Mostly owned through a subsidiary by Freeport-McMoRan, FCX operates under an agreement with the Government of Indonesia to conduct exploration, mining and production.

6. Oyu Tolgoi (Mongolia)

Located in the south Gobi Desert, the Oyu Tolgoi is a combined open pit and underground mining project being developed by Turquoise Hill Resources, Rio Tinto and the Government of Mongolia—the largest financial undertaking in the nation's history. Upon completion, it is expected to account for over 30 percent of Mongolia's GDP.

7. Northparkes Mine (Australia)

In central New South Wales, sits a copper and gold mine with an operational capacity to produce five million tonnes of ore per year, containing about 60,000 tonnes of copper and 50,000 ounces of gold. Under the ownership of Rio Tinto and Sumitomo, the economic viability is expected to extend through the year 2015 or longer.

8. Antamina (Peru)

Just north of Lima in the Andes Mountains, owners Xstrata (33.75%), BHP Billiton (33.75%), Teck-Cominco Limited (22.5%) and Mitsubishi Corporation (10%) are working on the world's third largest zinc and eighth largest copper mine. Commercial production in 2011, followed by two years of exploration and three years of construction, cost $2.3 billion—the most significant investment in Peruvian mining history. In 2012, a $1.3 billion expansion increased the sites capacity by 38 percent to 130,000 tonnes per day.

9. Las Cruces (Spain)

Located in the Sevilla Province of Southern Spain, Las Cruces is an open pit volcanogenic massive sulphide deposit that uses leaching and electrowinning technology to produce copper cathode, producing some 72,000 tonnes per year. It is 100 percent owned by Inmet Mining Corp.

10. Pyhäsalmi Mine (Finland)

Europe's deepest metal mine (with a depth of 4,738 feet or 1,444 meters), the Pyhäsalmi Mine, is a zinc, copper and pyrite mine owned by Inmet Mining Corp. in central Finland. Its copper and zinc concentrates are sold under long-term contracts to smelters in the country, while its pyrite is sold to several customers throughout Europe, Asia and other markets.

Top 10 Greenest Buildings

2012-07-30T22:18:08Z

1. Velodrome—London, UK

Just north of London's Olympic Park, the Velodrome opens its doors this summer to thousands of track cycling fans during the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. Reflecting the design of a bicycle, the building is lightweight and efficient—one of the most sustainable Olympic Park venues.

Inspired by the sport itself, Veldrome's designers, Hopkins Architects says: “The bike is an ingenious ergonomic object, honed to unrivaled efficiency. We wanted the same application of design creativity and engineering rigor that goes into the design and manufacture of the bike to manifest itself in the building.”

Its double-curved roof emulates the dips of a racetrack and its specific positioning allows for the abundant use of daylight, while external timber cladding helps achieve natural ventilation. Only 100 tons of steel were used compared to the 3,000 used in the Aquatics Center that is about the same size. By utilizing new technology and software throughout the design process, adding photovoltaics and turbines weren't necessary to make the Veldrome a sustainable masterpiece.

2. Marco Polo Tower—Hamburg, Germany

As a world leader in green tech and renewables, it's no surprise that Germany also boasts some pretty sustainable buildings. Designed by Behnisch Architecketen, the Marco Polo Tower marries a high-end residential project with a holistic ecological building concept. Sun collectors on its roof provide power to warm water for the apartments, and the recessed facades of the structure protect it from direct sunlight.

3. Livestrong Foundation—Austin, Texas, US

The 1950s-era warehouse was adaptively reused and transformed into a LEED Gold-certified building. Windows were put in the roof to harvest the state's ample daylight and nearly 90 percent of the materials from the previous building were reused to build the new structure. Commuters are encouraged to take advantage of the Lance Armstrong Bikeway, a six-mile bike path that enables carbon-free transportation from one side of town to the other.

4. Park Hotel Hyderabad—Hyderabad, India

Earning the country's first LEED Gold certification for a hotel, the five-star luxury boutique hotel boasts distinct sustainable design strategies. Perforated and embossed metal screens over a high-performance glazing system allow diffused daylight to enter interior spaces.

5. Swarovski Headquarters—Lake Zurich, Switzerland

This transparent, low-energy, horseshoe-shaped building houses some 500 staff for the crystal manufacturer Swarovski. For heating and cooling, the structure takes advantage of water from the nearby lake.

6. OS House—Racine, Wisconsin, US

Johnsen Schmaling Architects takes credit for this LEED Platinum-certified family house. Using natural cross-ventilation and its solar exposure, the home is incredibly efficient. It also features a compact plumbing system that includes low-flow fixtures and an on-demand hot water circulating pump. Due to an incentive from its local utility, every kilowatt its PV system produces provides the owners twice the value.

7. FUSMH—Madison, Wisconsin, US

The First Unitarian Society Meeting House, a 20,000-square-foot addition to the city's Meeting House, is LEED-Gold certified. It's about 40 percent more efficient compared to similar buildings of its nature. When spaces aren't occupied, carbon dioxide sensors trigger a ventilation system to save energy.

8. Sandal Magna School—Wakefield, UK

Standing as one of the most carbon-efficient schools in the UK, Sandal Magna teaches its students about sustainability by example. Ecological features include natural ventilation through wind towers and on-site energy generation for cooling and heating. Solar panels adorn its roof and students raise fruits and vegetables in a garden behind the school.

9. House in Shimogamo—Kyoto, Japan

“To be able to see green from every room.” Those were the client's stipulations. Despite the cold, industrial look of a circular screen of frosted glass around the house, an incredibly spacious green zone strikes a pleasant contrast on the inside.

10. Cherokee Studios—Los Angeles, California, US

Making the most of the mild local climate, the housing project employs passive cooling strategies of cross-ventilation and thermal convection. The site is not only a LEED Platinum live/work complex offering professional recording studios in select units, but deemed the best studio in America by Beatles producer George Martin.

Top 10 Eco-Conscious Celebrities

2012-06-20T22:54:52Z

10. Dave Matthews Band

The band has become well respected as leaders in green touring, offsetting pollution produced by their travels by funding projects including tree plantings and constructing wind farms. This year, the band's “Eco-Village” 40-city tour will inspire fans to learn about technologies and products that offer environmental benefits.

9. Barenaked Ladies

Since 2004, the band has been running its tour vehicles on clean-burning biodiesel fuel, setting up informational “Eco-Villages” called Barenaked Planet at live shows. Even the band's CDs are sold in 100% recyclable cases, and they recycle their own musical waste including broken guitar strings. Backstage is always fully stocked with organic food and biodegradable supplies.

8. Adrian Grenier

Grenier is more than just the self-involved character he plays on Entourage. Off-screen, this actor lives a green lifestyle with a home that uses recycled jeans as insulation and solar panels for electricity. He also hosts Planet Green's Alter Eco show, demonstrating the changes people can make to live a similar lifestyle.

7. Sting

Sting and his wife Trudie Styler founded Rainforest Foundation to protect rain forests and the indigenous residents that reside there. Oceana, an organization that works to protect and conserve the world's oceans, has honored the couple along with Bill Clinton for their efforts.

6. Harrison Ford

As Vice Chairman of Conservation International, Ford has been instrumental in raising awareness regarding conservation, including helping the organization launch a campaign for an innovative strategy to combat climate change. He also has a Central American ant named for him and has won numerous awards for his environmental efforts.

5. Alicia Silverstone

Silverstone lives and breathes an eco-friendly lifestyle. The vegan actress lives in an eco-friendly house in Los Angeles with her own organic veggie garden and runs her own line of natural cosmetics. In her book The Kind Diet, Silverstone discusses tips for living an eco-friendly lifestyle.

4. Ed Begley Jr.

Begley has been ahead of the eco-game for decades. He's driven an electric car since the 1970s, utilizes both wind and solar power at home and is a longtime vegan. He has worked with a number of environmental organizations, hosts the Planet Green show Living Like Ed and published the book Living Like Ed: A Guide to the Eco-Friendly Lifestyle.

3. Brad Pitt

After Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, Pitt founded a green home program, the Make It Right Foundation. In 2009, Pitt met with President Obama to discuss federal funding for green housing projects. He is also the voice of PBS's e2 series on environmentally sound design.

2. Edward Norton

As a board member of Enterprise Community Partners, a nonprofit dedicated to creating affordable housing, Norton has lobbied on behalf of green housing and even testified before Congress to support the cause. He has also hosted National Geographic's environmental series Strange Days and is a huge proponent for public transportation. You might even spot him on the subway in New York.

1. LEONARDO DICAPRIO

Ah, Leo, Leo, Leo—my personal favorite. The heartthrob actor of one of the highest grossing films of all time, Titanic, does more than just star in Academy Award winning films. As one of Hollywood's most committed environmentalists, DiCaprio has been praised by a number of environmental groups for his activism.

In 2007, DiCaprio wrote, produced and narrated the eco-documentary The 11th Hour, regarding the state of the natural environment. He also started the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation in support of environmentally friendly initiatives. He has donated one million dollars to the Wildlife Conservation Society and another million dollars to relief efforts in Haiti after the earthquake, among other contributions.

In his personal life, DiCaprio owns an electric car, Prius and hybrid, has solar panels installed on his house and eschews from private planes to take the more eco-conscious commercial route. He's so green, he avoids the “unnatural” use of deodorant and only showers a couple days a week to conserve water. But hey, we still love him.

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Top 10: Green Defense Technologies

2012-06-20T22:03:49Z

10. Hybrid Vehicles

The U.S. Army Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center (TARDEC) has developed two concept hybrid Clandestine Extended Range Vehicles, or CERVs. With a silent run capability of eight miles, each CERV can ascend to a 60 percent grade and has a torque rating of 5,000 pounds. They also boast a 25 percent fuel savings compared to conventional vehicles.

9. Hybrid Humvees

The military is also currently developing a pair of solar-powered hybrid Humvees called the FED Alpha and FED Bravo. “Each vehicle will be important to the FED team’s mission — to improve mpg by about 70 percent compared to a current M1114 HMMWV and reduce the Army’s thirst for fuel on the battlefield,” Carl Johnson, FED team leader at TARDEC, tells MGS Tech.

8. Rucksack Enhanced Portable Power System (REPPS)

The Army's use of battery charging kits that run on renewable energy like the REPPS combine solar panels, connectors and adaptors for increased charging options in the field. The 10-pound device is portable and uses a flexible 62-watt, anti-glint solar panel, and can charge the most common military battery types in five to six hours.

7. Solar-Powered Tents

Harnessing energy from the sun makes a lot of sense when access to energy is scarce in remote deserts in Afghanistan. Solar-powered tents can provide power for communications devices as well as laptops and other electronic equipment. The US Army has developed variations of the tents referred to as the Power Shade, the TEMPER Fly and the QUADrant.

6. Mini Dragon Runner, IED Detector

Qinetiq North America launched a smaller, lighter version of its Dragon Runner military robot that can be thrown into hostile environments to protect first responders. Controlled with a wearable interface with sensors that allow it to operate day and night, the DR10 can carry out IED disposal missions and conduct surveillance.

5. Solar Powered Water Purification Systems

In Iraq, solar power water purification systems are doing more than just helping American soldiers, but also providing clean drinking water for local civilians. The US Military Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT) has deployed several of the WorldWater systems to sustain clean water in many areas, reducing the risk of diseases. The 2KW of solar arrays can also provide extra energy to power appliances and telecommunication devices.

4. Robojelly

Scientists from the University of Texas at Dallas and Virginia Tech have developed robotic jellyfish, one foot-long submarines powered by hydrogen from seawater, for the US Navy to use on spy missions. Using hydrogen and oxygen vs electricity or batteries, the submarine drone can constantly refueling itself while performing surveillance.

3. Microgrids

Transporting fuel to typical diesel-powered generators comes at a significant financial and military cost as many fuel convoys are targeted for attack. As part of its mission to reduce energy-related vulnerability in Afghanistan, the Army has installed microgrids at many bases to pave the way for the use of renewable energy, reducing the need for fuel resupply.

2. Soldier Wearable Integrated Power Equipment System (SWIPES)

Arotech's SWIPES integrates force protection electronics and communications equipment with an advanced battery source. The Zinc-Air batteries allow for extended mission times without the burden of power source swaps or power source charging due to their high energy density, which also reduces battery weight soldiers carry by up to 30 percent.

1. Ground Renewable Expeditionary Energy System (GREENS)

Attacks on fuel resupply convoys accounted for over one third of US Army casualties in Afghanistan in 2007, according to the Council on Renewable Energy. Employing renewable and energy efficient technologies that significantly cut diesel use is imperative in reducing the number of convoy trips—and the potential for ambushes or roadside bombs.

GREENS is a portable hybrid photovoltaic/battery power system developed for the Marine Corps. Its stackable 1600-watt solar arrays and rechargeable batteries provide 300 watts of continuous electricity for Marines in remote locations. The units can be rapidly deployed and transported by Humvee. Training to operate the system takes only about an hour, and they pay for themselves within a matter of weeks from the money saved in cutting fuel convoys.

"The cost benefit can be measured in dollars and cents, but really how we measure is the ability to take fuel tanks off the road,” Project manager Michael Gallagher told In Depth. “That allows us to protect the Marines and not have them exposed to as many of the explosive devices over there."

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Largest Renewable Energy Projects in the World

2012-04-19T16:01:55Z

10.) Statkraft's Osmotic Power Projects—Norway

Europe's leading renewable energy company, Statkraft is a global pioneer in osmotic energy. Through the natural process of osmosis, fresh water and salt water are guided into separate chambers, divided by an artificial membrane. The pressure of the process generates waterfalls that can be utilized in a power generating turbine. As the company continues working on pilot projects, Statkraft claims that osmotic power has the potential of 1600 to 1700 Twh—nearly the equivalent of China's total electricity consumption.

9.) Andasol—Andalusia, Spain

Alongside an empty mountain plateau in Andalusia, some 600,000 parabolic mirrors are now connected and operating in the world's largest solar power station (150 MW). Located 1,100 meters above sea level, the clear and less turbulent atmosphere allows for the capture of more solar energy than the entire Saudi Arabian peninsula. It's as big as 210 football fields and will generate enough energy for half a million people.

8.) Rance Tidal Power Station—Brittany, France

The world's first tidal power station, located on the estuary of the Rance River, is now the world's second largest tidal power station—after holding the number one spot for 40 years. With an annual output of about 600 Gwh, the station has a peak rating of 240 MW generated by its 24 turbines, and attracts about 200,000 visitors per year.

7.) Solnova Solar Power Station—Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain

As the largest CSP power station in the world, Solnova's plant consists of five separate units of 50 MW each (250 MW total), each owned and operated by Abengoa Solar. Each power station utilizes parabolic troughs, while some are also equipped to support natural gas as a secondary fuel source for power generation.

6.) Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant—Sihwa Lake, South Korea

Completed last year, the 254 MW Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Plant is the largest tidal power installation in the world. Ten 25.4 MW submerged bulb turbines are driven in an unpumped flood generation scheme that makes use of a seawall constructed in 1994 for flood mitigation and agricultural purposes.

5.) Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS)—California, USA

As the largest solar energy generating facility in the world, SEGS consists of nine solar power plants in California's Mojave Desert with an installed capacity of 354 MW. Additionally, turbines are utilized at night by burning natural gas. According to NextEra, the plant powers over 230,000 homes and displaces 3,800 tons of pollution annually.

4.) Walney Wind Farm—Cumbria, U.K.

With 102 turbines stretching 28 square miles off the coast of Cumbria, the Walney wind farm recently became the world's largest offshore wind facility. However, DONG Energy, a major stakeholder in the project, is also involved in an even larger London Array wind farm, which could produce an upwards of 1000 MW when completed. As of now, the Walney wind farm has a maximum output of 367.2 MW, and involved some of the fastest wind farm construction of its type.

3.) The Tilbury—Tilbury, U.K.

The world's largest biomass-fueled power plant just came online in the UK, generating an upwards of 750 MW of base load renewable power. The new station burns wood pellets to produce electricity and is located on the site of Tilbury's aging coal-fired power plant, which is set to shut down in 2015.

2.) Roscoe Wind Farm—Texas, USA

Among the many large wind farms across the state of Texas, the Roscoe wind farm is the largest, with a capacity of 781 MW. Owned and operated by E.ON Climate & Renewables, the 627 wind turbines were set up in four phases since 2008, costing over $1 billion to supply power to 250,000 homes.

1.) The Geysers—California, USA

The Geysers is a complex consisting of 22 geothermal power plants, drawing steam from over 350 wells, with an active installed capacity of 1517 MW. About 72 miles north of San Francisco, 19 of the 22 plants are owned and operated by Calpine Corporation with the other two under Northern California Power Agency and Silicon Valley Power. Since the activities of one plant affect those around it, the consolidation of plant ownership at the Geysers has been beneficial in allowing the plants to operate cooperatively rather than in their own short-term interest. Currently, the Geysers produce enough electricity for 1.1 million people, but techniques developed from Enhanced Geothermal Systems are expected to increase future production.

Geothermal energy accounts for over 10,000 MW of installed capacity around the world, with the largest capacities in the U.S. (3,086 MW), Philippines and Indonesia.

Top 10 Successful Solar Companies

2012-03-21T18:04:29Z

10. JA Solar

With increasing margins, JA Solar has a large number of outstanding shares and a strong ability to turn its equity into net income. According to a recent Paragon Report, the company's stocks are on the upswing as the industry rallies behind 2012.

9. Canadian Solar Inc.

With manufacturing based in China, Canadian Solar ranks as the sixth largest producer in the world by PVinsights and seventh by Bloomberg New Energy Finance. The company produced 803 MW of PV panels in 2010 and is working on a plant in Canada with a capacity of 200 MW per year. Despite recent share drops, the company is ramping up production in reaction to a spike in European demand.

8. SunPower

High-efficiency crystalline silicon PV cells, roof tiles and panels invented at Stanford University earned SunPower's stronghold on the market as one of the top U.S. solar companies. In April, Total S.A. agreed to buy 60 percent of the company for $1.38 billion and the company has announced plans to compete with retail electric rates by cutting costs in half in 2012.

7. Yingli Green

As one of the world's first fully vertically integrated photovoltaic manufactures, Yingli Green Energy has installed over 2 GW of modules around the globe. The solar energy firm also recently signed an agreement with IBC Solar to supply another 180 MW of multi-crystalline and mono-crystalline PV modules in 2012 as it expands through parts of Europe.

6. RenaSola

As a leading manufacturer of solar products, ReneSola recently completed a 20 MW solar power plant in China, including grid connection. By capitalizing on proprietary technologies, economies of scale and low-cost production capabilities, the company continues to be a part of China's transformation from a manufacturing hub into an important end-user of solar products.

5. Jinko Solar

Employing over 10,000 professionals across over 165 acres of factories in China, Jinko Solar reached a capacity of 600 MW in ingot, wafer, cell and module production. In its short history, the company has become one of the largest manufacturing bases for solar products, and has established a global R&D center with universities from all over to engage in continuous innovation in the sector.

4. Trina Solar

Trina Solar's abilities in mounting PV modules are among some of the fastest, easiest and least expensive in the marketplace. By offering 10-year product warranties and 25-year linear performance warranties, its panels make for sound investments with proven energy performance from tests conducted by states from around the world.

3. GT Advanced Technologies (GTAT)

Displaying some of the sector's strongest financial health, GTAT has grown its revenue by 1,000 percent in the past five or six years. Despite taking debt in 2010, the company expects to see tremendous growth in equity value, offering a type of growth not often seen in the industry with products and technologies that lower the cost of polysilicon.

2. Suntech Power Co.

Chinese super giant Suntech Power is the world's largest producer of solar panels, pulling in around 1,800 MW of production capacity annually. The company has delivered over 13,000,000 solar panels to thousands of companies in over 80 countries. According to the company, China may add 4 GW or more of panels, which will help curb the 2012 glut of materials on market.

1. First Solar

Living up to its name, Firs Solar has been leading the industry for quite some time. Using cadmium telluride in its manufacturing process has allowed for the production of thin film PV modules at some of the cheapest rates on the market as low as $0.74 per watt. It was the first to reduce manufacturing cost to $1 in 2009, ranked sixth in Fast Company's 2010 list of the world's 50 most innovative companies and first on Forbe's list of America's 25 fastest-growing technology companies in 2011.

In an effort to survive in a Darwinian market, due to a glut of supplies on the market coming from China, the company has made moves to consolidate certain research and development activities to avoid a similar fate of Solyndra. Today, the world's biggest maker of thin-film solar panels is working on a number of large-scale projects in the western U.S., and has installed over 3.8 GW of modules in both rooftop and ground-mount applications worldwide.

Top Ten: Luxury Hybrids

2011-09-28T15:05:22Z

Before you read this, check out the upper-right hand corner of this page to view this article in our digital reader. Trust us, it's way cooler!

Written by John Shimkus

10. Lincoln MKZ Hybrid

MSRP: $34,645

MPG: 41 City/ 36 Hwy

The Lincoln MKZ Hybrid is the most affordable luxury car to make our list. Surprisingly, critics actually find the midsize MKZ’s interior to be much nicer than some comparable models put out by Lexus. They also claim a quieter and smoother ride in the MKZ. The car is even made of about 85 percent recyclable materials.

9. Infiniti M Hybrid

MSRP: $53,700

MPG: 27 City/ 32 Hwy

The Infiniti M Hybrid adds a 50kW electric motor to its 3.5-liter V6 engine to offer enhanced fuel-efficiency. Combining power with luxury, this sedan boasts 360 horsepower and features all the same interior and electronics components of its non-hybrid predecessor. It even features regenerative brakes to recharge its batteries.

8. Lexus GS Hybrid

MSRP: $58,950

MPG: 22 City/ 25 Hwy

The Lexus GS Hybrid is one of the most fuel-efficient hybrids in its class. This large sedan boasts V8 power, but with much better fuel economy. This car is Lexus’ attempt to combine performance and fuel-efficiency, so while the MPG may be lower than your average Prius, it provides unmatched acceleration in the hybrid market.

7. Cadillac Escalade Hybrid

MSRP: $74,135

MPG: 20 City/ 23 Hwy

You don’t have to be a famous rapper to recognize the iconic Cadillac Escalade, but few probably realize that there is a more fuel-efficient hybrid version on the market. With improved mileage and reduced CO2 emissions, this full-size luxury SUV uses a 2-Mode Hybrid System and Active Fuel Management to provide power via its gasoline engine and electric motors. It offers the best fuel economy in its class.

6. BMW 7-Series Hybrid

MSRP: $97,000-$101,000

MPG: 17 City/ 24 Hwy

With an eight-speed transmission and high-tech suspension, the BMW 7-Series Hybrid is another powerhouse sedan. Its twin-turbo V8 engine is coupled with a small electric motor in its mild-hybrid system (meaning that the car cannot move on electric power alone). Despite its power edge, the car’s MPG is somewhat low considering the hefty price tag.

5. Mercedes-Benz ML 450 Hybrid

MSRP: $55,000

MPG: 21 City/ 24 Hwy

The Mercedes ML 450 Hybrid is the only mid-size SUV to make our list. Its 275 horsepower V6 engine is paired with two electric motors to make it 46 percent more fuel-efficient than its non-hybrid counterparts. The ML 450 was the first European full hybrid to be offered in the U.S.

4. Audi A8 Hybrid

MSRP: Not Available

MPG: 37 estimate

In 2012, Audi will bring to market its A8 Hybrid, the fuel-efficient version of the company’s flagship model. Powered by a 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine and electric motor, the A8 Hybrid can travel at speeds of up to 62 miles per hour (100 km/h) on electric power alone.

3. Porsche Panamera S Hybrid

MSRP: $95,975

MPG: 22 City/ 28 Hwy

The Porsche Panamera S Hybrid is a four-door sedan that boasts a supercharged V6 gasoline engine that works in conjunction with a 47 horsepower electric motor. The eight-speed automatic rear wheel drive car offers the sporty look of Porsche’s signature Boxster body style, but with the practicality of four doors.

2. Fisker Karma Plug-In Hybrid

MSRP: $95,900-$109,850

MPG: 100 estimate

The Fisker Karma is a combined cycle plug-in hybrid that uses a pair of electric motors totaling 403 horsepower. The motors are powered by a 22kWh lithium-ion battery supplemented with an extra boost from a 175kW gasoline generator. It’s essentially an extended range electric vehicle. The car even features a solar paneled roof to aid with charging.

1. Porsche 918 Spyder Hybrid

MSRP: $845,000

MPG: 78 estimate

Porsche is now taking orders for its new 918 Spyder Hybrid. The company plans to build only 918 of the groundbreaking hybrid vehicles, which boast an unheard of 78 miles per gallon while providing 500 horsepower! Not enough for you? How about an extra 218 horsepower from electric motors mounted at each axle. The car can go from 0 to 60 mph in 3.1 seconds and can reach 94 mph running on electric power alone. With the gasoline engine kicked in, the coup tops out at 199 mph. The 918 Spyder features a liquid-cooled lithium-ion battery that enables 16 miles of electric driving range.

“It’s certainly a rare car for someone who has the means, but it’s also for people who are very tuned in to technical advances and leading engineering,” says Porsche spokesman Gary Fong.

Top Ten: Coolest Green Products

2011-08-31T21:35:17Z

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10. Bedol Eco-Friendly Water-Powered Clock

Price: $19

Requiring no batteries, chemicals or electrical outlets, the Bedol Water Clock runs on water. Perfect for the office, the clock is simply filled with water to generate electricity. Inside the clock is an electrolytic cell containing zinc and copper rods. The water acts as an electrolyte between the two rods, generating enough electricity to power the clock.

9. UFO Power Center

Price: $99.99

This nifty gadget was featured in our July issue and allows you to control home appliances via your iPhone or iPad. The UFO Power Center is a smart power strip that connects to any Wi-Fi signal to wirelessly control the appliances plugged into it. Not only can you turn appliances on and off remotely, but it also tracks your energy usage.

8. Creative Organization’s Sustainable Cedar Products

Price: $12.99-$49.99

If you’ve got a closet full of expensive suits, chances are you have some cedar in there to keep insects from munching on your valuable clothing. Creative Organization’s Sustainable Cedar Products are sleek closet accessories, including hangers, shoe trees and racks, made from 100 percent Forest Stewardship Council certified sustainably harvested cedar.

7. USBCELL Rechargeable Batteries

Price: $17 (2 batteries)

These cool rechargeable batteries require no charging dock. Simply flip open the top of the NiMH AA battery and plug into the usb port of your computer. Just a few minutes of charging can provide hours worth of electricity for your portable electronic devices. Best of all, USBCELL batteries can be recharged hundreds of times, making their price tag a little less scary.

6. Eton Raptor Adventure Tool

Price: $105

The Eton Raptor is every outdoorsman’s dream come true. This solar powered adventure tool houses a solar panel, altimeter, barometer, compass, AM/FM/WB radio tuner with presets, digital alarm clock, and NOAA weather alerts. The tool also features an LED flashlight, audio line-in to act as a loudspeaker, and usb port to charge a cell phone. Did we mention the bottle opener?

5. Wilson Staff Eco-Carry Golf Bag

Price: $115

For the avid golfer, the Wilson Staff Eco-Carry Bag is the first golf bag made from recycled material. A single bag saves 12 gallon-size plastic bottles from being discarded in the landfill. The manufacturing process produces 70 percent less CO2 than regular polyester. It’s lightweight (3.7 lbs.) and comes with all the bells and whistles, including paddle-activated stand, hip pad, and umbrella holder.

4. Voltaic Generator Solar Laptop Charger

Price: $499

This stylish briefcase has a built-in 15-watt solar panel that charges your laptop on the go. One hour of sunlight can provide between 12 and 45 minutes of charge for your laptop, or completely charge a cell phone or small electronic device. The briefcase comes complete with solar-ready battery. The case itself is made from recycled PET bottles, and is lightweight, waterproof and UV resistant.

3. Samsung Replenish Android Smartphone from Sprint

Price: $399.99 (cheaper with Sprint data plan)

The Replenish is the world’s most eco-friendly smartphone. Made with mostly recycled and recyclable material (including the packaging), the Replenish still has all the features you’d expect from an advanced smartphone, including: Android 2.2 Froyo operating system, 2MP camera and camcorder, Wi-Fi and GPS capability, and 32GB memory. The phone is also free of toxic materials like PVC, BFRs, phthalates and beryllium.

2. iPad 2

Price: $499

The iPad 2 includes arsenic-free display glass, mercury-free LCD display and is free of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This revolutionary tablet also includes recyclable aluminum and glass enclosure and its long battery life allows users to surf, listen to music or watch videos for up to 10 hours on a single charge, cutting down on energy consumption.

1. Philips Econova LED Television

Price: £1,200 ($1,950)

Hailed as “Europe’s Greenest TV,” the 42-inch Econova consumes only 46 watts of power (less than a 60-watt light bulb), which is impressive considering many flat screens use as much energy as your kitchen refrigerator! This is thanks to the low-power LED display that still maintains best-in-class picture quality, and the zero-power switch, which reduces standby electricity usage to zero when the TV is turned off.

The Econova’s housing is made of 60 percent post recycled aluminum. Most of its components are recyclable, and the TV is designed for easy disassembly when recycling. Even the packaging is 100 percent recyclable, with the complete elimination of styrofoam cushioning. In fact, no plastic is used in the packaging whatsoever. The Econova’s remote control has a built-in solar panel so batteries never have to be replaced, and all the electronics, including cables, are halogen and PVC free.

Top Ten: Energy Startups

2011-08-05T21:38:52Z

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10. AltaRock Energy

Seattle, Washington

AltaRock Energy claims it can tap geothermal energy anywhere in the U.S., not just in geologically active hotspots. The company’s wells are as deep as four miles, and AltaRock is in the process of proving its worth with projects in Oregon and Nevada. One of its key hurdles is proving that the technology won’t trigger earthquakes.

9. Solena Fuels

Washington, D.C.

Solena Fuels made headlines in 2011 when a group of major airlines led by American and United Continental entered into negotiations for the company’s proprietary jet biofuel. The company’s plasma generated biofuel is a drop-in alternative to oil-derived jet fuels, offering a new form of energy security to the air travel industry.

8. Defkalion Green Technologies

Glifada, Greece

Early 2011 saw the rise of the Energy Catalyzer, a revolutionary cold fusion heat energy generator developed by inventors Andrea Rossi and Sergio Focardi. The machine generates more energy than is put into it in a hydrogen and nickel powder reaction. Defkalion Green Technologies is the first company granted rights to develop an Energy Catalyzer power plant.

7. SolarCity

San Mateo, California

SolarCity is a leading full-service solar provider for homeowners, businesses and government organizations—the first company to provide solar power system design, financing, installation and monitoring services from a single source.

Google recently created a $280 million fund—its largest renewable energy investment to-date—to help SolarCity install rooftop systems across America.

6. Laricina Energy

Calgary, Alberta

Laricina Energy is an oil sands development company with estimated 4.6 billion barrels of bitumen in proven reserves. Once under full production, Laricina could catapult Canada into the position of number one oil producer in the world, surpassing Saudi Arabia. The company is currently testing pilot wells with its Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage technology and expects production of 40,000 barrels per day by 2014.

5. Solazyme

San Francisco, California

Solazyme Inc. has been working closely with the United States military to create biofuels to power fighter jets, naval ships and ground vehicles. The company recently powered the first military helicopter flight to run on algal biofuel. The company’s proprietary algae biofuel process makes it one of the world leaders in the up-and-coming sector.

4. PowerbyProxi

Auckland, New Zealand

PowerbyProxi is breaking ground on wireless electricity transfer technology. Its unique process converts electricity into a magnetic field that can travel through the air, then regenerate electricity when it reaches its destination. The company is applying the technology to battery charging, control systems and sensors.

3. Transphorm

Goleta, California

Backed by Google Ventures and Kleiner Perkins, Transphorm has been grabbing headlines with its new energy conversion technology. Using a revolutionary material known as Gallium Nitride, Transphorm believes it can recover billions of dollars worth of energy lost in the electricity conversion process.

2. BrightSource Energy

Oakland, California

Backed by Google, BrightSource Energy is developing the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, which will be the world’s largest solar thermal pant. The company has also partnered with BP Alternative Energy, Morgan Stanley, Chevron and Statoil in its pursuit of utilities-scale solar projects.

1. Sapphire Energy

San Diego, California

Sapphire Energy has successfully created a drop-in gasoline alternative that is directly compatible with existing petroleum infrastructure. The company’s “Green Crude” product is a direct replacement for crude oil made from algae that can be used in existing refineries, pipelines and pump stations.

Sapphire Energy’s algae biofuel production takes place in Las Cruces, New Mexico, where CEO Jason Pyle has stated "Sapphire hopes to produce 1 million gallons of algae diesel and jet fuel each year in the next two years" and "1 billion gallons of fuel a year by 2025."

In September 2009, Sapphire Energy partnered with Syntroleum Inc. to provide 50 gallons of its fuel to drive a plugin-hybrid Toyota Prius across the United States to prove the efficacy of the “Green Crude” technology.

The company’s “Green Crude” meets fuel quality standards and has achieved a 91 octane rating. If there’s one company to bet on, it would be the one that can directly replace declining oil reserves; and that’s exactly what Sapphire Energy is doing.

Top Ten: Ways to Green a Business

2011-07-01T17:06:33Z

10. Recycle!

This one is a no-brainer. If your company isn’t already recycling, it’s way past time to make the leap. It’s easy, and most cities worldwide have recycling pick-up available, if not already mandatory. Just put out some color coded containers for plastics, paper and metal, and inform employees of the new recycling policy.

9. Electronic Documents

Now that you’re recycling your office paper, why not just get rid of it all together? Email is obviously far greener than “snail” mail, and faster too! Fax modems now allow you to fax documents directly from the computer, and electronic signature services like EchoSign.com can even facilitate the signing and storage of legal documents without paper!

8. Reduce Water Waste

Electronic faucets and low-water toilets can reduce water waste drastically, but can be an expensive upgrade. Consider instead a little common sense extended to your employees, such as notes saying, “turn the faucet completely off,” or “only run the dishwasher when full.” Add sealed plastic containers filled with rocks to toilet reservoirs to limit water waste per flush.

7. Heating and Cooling

Raising the thermostat just a few degrees in the summer and lowering it a few degrees in the winter can save 10 to 20 percent on heating and cooling costs annually. Sure, there are expensive upgrades to more efficient office and shop cooling systems, but adding an extra layer in the winter and allowing short sleeve shirts and khaki shorts during the summer can be just as effective!

6. Used or Refurbished Office Furniture and Décor

Buying second-hand office furniture and decorations can save tons of cash while creating a funky, unique workspace. Several warehouse distributors specialize in used office furniture—like ‘Office Furniture Now!’ In Austin, Texas—and eco-friendly design and build firms are popping up all over the world, which specifically utilize refurbished and renewable materials.

5. Lighting

Incandescent light bulbs are a thing of the past, and embracing LED and CFL lighting will not only save you money in the long run, but conserve massive amounts of energy as well. Also be sure to take advantage of natural sunlight, dimming lights or turning them off when window light is abundant. Plus, don’t forget to turn the lights off before heading home at night!

4. Shut Off Equipment

Leaving office equipment running when no one’s in the office is a huge drain on energy, and could cost you thousands every year in electricity bills. Simply delegate to employees to turn off or unplug equipment before leaving for the night. There are even “smart” power strips that can automatically shut down equipment.

3. Teleconferencing

Think about how much money, time and fuel is wasted traveling via plane, train and automobile just to hold a meeting in another city. These days, thanks to services like “GoToMeeting” and Cisco’s “TelePresence,” there’s no need to travel. You can hold online meetings with various people from various locations thanks to video conferencing.

2. Green Sourcing

From paper to staples, writing utensils to printer ink, even vending machine snacks and beverages; all these items come from somewhere and are made of something. Is it recycled and/or recyclable? Is it organic and/or local? Is it natural or synthetic? These are all questions you should consider when sourcing office goods. With a little searching, you can likely find eco-conscious solutions to almost all of your supply needs.

1. Telecommuting

Let’s face it, most jobs these days have employees staring at a computer screen for hours on end. Why not let them do it in the comfort of their own home? It frees up office space, and with tools like email, Skype, and web chat, you can still manage workflow. Studies reveal that telecommuting saves businesses immense amounts of money. Employee time and paychecks also go further, since gasoline purchases are reduced and employees don’t waste personal time preparing for and driving to work.

In fact, telecommuting may be the single greatest way to save businesses money while bolstering national economies and reducing energy consumption. The Telework Research Network claims that on average, half-time telecommuting saves companies over $10,000 per year per telecommuter! These studies also reveal a 25 to 40 percent increase in productivity, which could equate to a $200 billion yearly increase in productivity in the U.S. alone. Visit TeleworkResearchNetwork.com for more information.

Top Ten: Most Profitable Energy Companies

2011-06-07T21:34:09Z

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10. General Electric

2011 1Q Profit: $3.43 billion

U.S. multinational conglomerate, General Electric (GE), has thrived since 1892 and was one of the first companies listed on the Dow Jones. GE features five segments: Energy, Technology Infrastructure, NBC Universal, Capital Finance, and Consumer & Industrial. The key to GE’s success is emphasis on individual performance within the company rather than teams or groups.

9. E.ON

2011 1Q Profit: $3.5 billion

Formed in 2000 after a merger between energy companies VEBA and VIAG, German power company E.ON is the world’s largest investor-owned energy service provider. However, the company experienced a 23 percent slump in 1Q 2011 compared to last year, but this was due in large part to the sale of its British power network operator.

8. Total

2011 1Q Profit: $5.86 billion

French multinational Total is among the oil companies boasting huge 1Q profits amidst sky-high oil prices. Turmoil in the Middle East has proven to be a blessing for oil multinationals, and Total’s 2011 1Q profits are 51 percent higher than 1Q 2010.

7. Petrobras

2011 1Q Estimated Profit: $6.2 billion

Petrobras is running late on reporting its 1Q earnings, but sources estimate a $6.2 billion profit for 1Q. Petrobras enjoyed a legal monopoly on oil production in Brazil until 1997, when private companies entered the market. Apparently this hasn’t hindered Petrobras’ profits too much, as the company consistently ranks amongst the highest profiteers in the energy industry.

6. Chevron Corp.

2011 1Q Profit: $6.2 billion

With an increase of $1.6 billion over 1Q 2010, Chevron CEO John Watson notes, "Current quarter earnings from upstream operations benefited from higher prices for crude oil, while downstream operations benefited from improved margins on refined petroleum products. We continue to operate safely, advance our major capital projects and restructure our downstream portfolio."

5. Petronas

2010 3Q Profit: $6.9 billion

Malaysian state-owned Petronas oil and gas company’s most recent quarterly earnings report is for October through December 2010. Chances are Petronas ranks even higher now considering the oil price hike is not reflected in its 3Q earnings. However, when you’re the only oil and gas provider for an entire country, it’s easy to rake in huge profits.

4. Royal Dutch Shell

2011 1Q Profit: $6.9 billion

Shell is also raking in the profits this quarter, but is reinvesting $100 billion through 2014 in an effort to boost production to 3.7 million barrels per day. "We continue to make good progress in implementing our strategy; improving near-term performance, delivering a new wave of production growth, and maturing the next generation of growth options for shareholders," Shell CEO Peter Voser said.

3. BP

2011 1Q Profit: $7.12 billion

No one expected BP to bounce back to number three after the oil spill disaster in 2010, but rising oil prices have come to the rescue. The company’s 1Q earnings are over $1 billion higher than reported in 1Q 2010, leaving some wondering if those profits should go to help the nearly 1 million people who lost jobs both directly and indirectly as a result of the BP spill.

2. ExxonMobil

2011 1Q Profit: $10.65 billion

ExxonMobil’s profits soared to 69 percent above last year’s 1Q. The company’s overall production rose 10 percent over 2010. “ExxonMobil’s earnings reflect continued leadership in operational performance during a period of strong commodity prices,” says CEO Rex Tillerson.

1. Gazprom

2011 4Q Profit: $11.2 billion

As the largest natural gas extractor in the world and Russia’s biggest company, government controlled Gazprom has ultimate authority over Russia’s energy sector. On a yearly basis, Gazprom produces roughly 500 billion cubic meters of natural gas.

Russian gas demand has steadily risen in 2011 by over 10 percent. Coupled with export demand increase around 28 percent, the company is expected to report huge 2011 1Q profits, that is if taxes don’t hit them first! The Russian government is seeking to boost revenue, and has Gazprom in its sights. The company could face $8 billion in taxes when an eminent tax increase and gas tariff rise is implemented.

But not to worry, Gazprom’s profits are likely to rise despite tax hikes, especially as the world seeks natural gas as a substitute for the oil shortcoming. “Not only are our volumes growing, but the growth rates are increasing as well,” says Gazprom CEO Alexei Miller.

Top Ten: Greenest Countries

2011-05-08T22:28:32Z

10. Colombia

Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Score: 76.8

Colombia’s reputation has not always been that of a “green” nation, as rampant deforestation for palm oil plantations and illegal coca production have marred the country’s environmental standing. But the country has bounced back, reducing deforestation, establishing numerous national parks to preserve medicinal plant species, and transitioning to bamboo from steel for structural building design.

9. Cuba

EPI Score: 78.1

Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990, communist Cuba faced a massive fossil fuel import shortage. Commercial farms failed due to the inability to fuel equipment, and petroleum-derived fertilizers were unavailable. Cuba bounced back from this time of food scarcity by developing organic gardens throughout cities and rural communities alike. The country has also, since 2008, embraced hydroelectric power for energy.

8. Austria

EPI Score: 78.1

Being “green” seems to be engrained in Austria’s citizens—from the working class to the aristocracy—environmental preservation of their motherland is just common sense and has been instilled through their lineage of farmers, hunters and forest men. The country uses 70 percent renewable energy and roughly 60 percent of all waste is recycled.

7. France

EPI Score: 78.2

France generates more nuclear energy per capita than any other country in the world—approximately 80 percent. Whether or not nuclear fission energy is truly “green” is certainly up for debate. Emissions are certainly low, but where do you store all that pesky radioactive waste? France is also implementing renewable energy standards, and organic farming practices are on the rise.

6. Mauritius

EPI Score: 80.6

Not many people know of this small island nation off of the African mainland east of Madagascar. Mauritius is investing highly in wind energy and sugarcane for ethanol fuel production. Since the island has few natural resources, it is seeking to reduce waste and localize energy production.

5. Norway

EPI Score: 81.1

Norway is in a tough position. It is on track to be carbon neutral by 2030, but is currently reliant on its domestic oil production. The country plans to offset carbon emissions through the purchase of carbon credits while reducing its actual emissions by 40 percent. Norway is expanding its railroad and public transportation system, plus reducing deforestation.

4. Sweden

EPI Score: 86.0

Following the oil shock in the 1980s, Sweden made a bold vow to free itself from dependence on fossil fuels by 2020. The country thus far utilizes 28 percent renewable and clean energy, focusing on hydro, wind, and nuclear power. Sawdust from the country’s lumber industry is formed into pellets and sold to homeowners for heat. Many vehicles in Sweden run off methane collected from processing butchered cow entrails.

3. Costa Rica

EPI Score: 86.4

With its mountainous terrain and abundant rainfall throughout the year, Costa Rica is ideally suited for hydroelectric power, using it for about 86 percent of its energy generation. Consistent temperatures between 71-80˚F (21-26˚ C) year round means Costa Ricans do not use energy to heat homes. Once deforested heavily for its ideal agricultural growing conditions, the country has been reforesting the land in the last few years, planting millions of trees.

2. Switzerland

EPI Score: 89.1

Switzerland is simply breathtaking, and the country has taken drastic steps to ensure it maintains its natural beauty. Environmental taxes are in place to promote personal responsibility, plus waste is reduced through a countrywide initiative that charges citizens 1 Euro per trash bag collected. The country is bike-friendly, and certain cities do not permit cars, although trains connect nearly every city.

1. Iceland

EPI Score: 93.5

Iceland boasts one of the most diverse landscapes in the world for being such a small island nation. From volcanoes to glaciers, waterfalls to rolling mountains and valleys, Iceland truly is a marvel.

Prior to the deregulation of Iceland’s banks, which crippled the country’s economy, Iceland was already self-sufficient in terms of both agriculture and energy. Humble lifestyles saw most citizens living relatively comfortably while treading lightly on the land.

Geothermal energy has recently been introduced to Iceland, and although some claim the power plants and pipelines intrude on the landscape’s natural beauty, the fact is, the country is now one of the leading producers of renewable geothermal energy. Iceland sits atop a geothermal hotspot in the north Atlantic Ocean, making it ideal for geothermal plants.

Iceland has also emphasized the use of hydrogen for heat, electricity and transportation fuel.

Top Ten: Geothermal Energy Locations

2011-04-07T21:32:18Z

10. Kenya

167 MW Installed Capacity, 11.2% National Energy Production

Kenya was the first country in Africa to exploit geothermal energy commercially. Kenya is ideally positioned in Africa’s Great Rift Valley, a divergent plate boundary with excessive geothermal potential. Kenya [plans to increase geothermal capacity by an additional 576 MW by 2017, reducing foreign oil dependency and covering 25 percent of the country’s electricity needs.

9. El Salvador

204 MW Installed Capacity, 14% National Energy Production

El Salvador’s Ahuachapán geothermal field has provided energy to the country since 1975. Only two geothermal facilities exist in the small Central American country, the second being the Berlin power plant.

8. Japan

536 MW Installed Capacity, .3% National Energy Production

Due to its close proximity to the Izu-Bonin-Mariana Arc, a convergent boundary of four tectonic plates in the Pacific “Ring of Fire,” Japan is ideally located for geothermal activity. Mitsubishi Materials Corp. and J-Power currently head Japan’s geothermal business efforts.

7. Iceland

575 MW Installed Capacity, 30% National Energy Production

Iceland’s five major geothermal power plants not only generate electricity for nearly one-third of the country, but also provide nearly 90 percent of the heating needed for water and buildings. Iceland’s geothermal potential is so great that it actually heats city streets near geothermal fields throughout the winter.

6. New Zealand

700 MW Installed Capacity, 10% National Energy Production

New Zealand is the second country after Italy to apply geothermal energy at a national scale. With unpredictable weather patterns, New Zealand’s geothermal installations have provided consistent energy generation over all other renewable energy sources in the country.

5. Italy

843 MW Installed Capacity, 10% National Energy Production

Italy was where the very first geothermal power plant was built at the Larderello dry steam field in Tuscany. Larderello is where the first modern geothermal plants were constructed as well. Destroyed in World War II, the plants have since been rebuilt. Ancient Romans used the geothermal heat in the region to warm their water and run heat vents to keep buildings warm.

4. Mexico

958 MW Installed Capacity, 3% National Energy Production

Mexico is home to the largest geothermal power plant in the world. The Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station has a 720 MW installed capacity, and plans are in place for expansion to 820 MW by 2012. CerroPrieto is located on the border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California Norte, just south of California USA.

3. Indonesia

1,197 MW Installed Capacity, 3.7% National Energy Production

Indonesia holds 40 percent of the world’s geothermal potential beneath its thousand of volcanic islands, accounting for an estimated 28,000 MW of potential energy. Indonesia is on track to develop 44 new geothermal power plants by 2014, raising capacity to 4,000 MW, and the country plans to produce 9000 MW from geothermal by 2025.

2. The Philippines

1,904 MW Installed Capacity, 27% National Energy Production

The Philippines has been using geothermal energy to power the multi-island nation since 1977, when the country’s first geothermal power plant was built on the island of Leyte. Chevron—the largest geothermal producer in the world—has invested over $2 billion into Philippine geothermal energy installations, escalating the Philippines to number two in our top ten.

1. The United States

3,086 MW Installed Capacity, 0.3% National Energy Production

As of 2010, the United States tops the world in geothermal energy production, with 3,100 MW of installed capacity. 77 geothermal power plants and growing generate 15 billion kilowatt hours of electricity per year. The majority of the United States’ geothermal energy comes from the western states, and if tapped to their full capacity, geothermal reserves beneath just nine of the United States’ 50 states could provide upward of 20 percent of the nation’s electricity needs.

The largest known dry steam field in the world is just north of San Francisco, California. “The Geysers” geothermal hotspot has over 1,500 MW of installed capacity. Calpine Corporation currently taps 15 of the 18 power plants operating in the Geysers, making it the largest geothermal energy producer in the United States. Northern California Power Agency, Santa Clara Municipal Electric Utility and US Renewables Group own and operate the remaining three facilities in the Geysers and a nineteenth plant is soon to be opened by Ram Power.

The Top Ten Largest Wind Farms in the World

2011-03-09T22:02:06Z

10. Thanet Offshore Wind Project

Thanet, UK – 300 MW Capacity

Though there are still other onshore wind farms that are larger than Thanet, it is the largest offshore wind farm, plus we wanted to give an offshore wind farm a nod. Thanet features 100 Vestas turbines and is located 12 kilometers offshore in waters with an average depth of 20 meters. Swedish company, Vattenfall, owns and operates Thanet, which supplies enough power for 240,000 average homes.

9. Panther Creek Wind Farm

Texas, USA – 457.5 MW Capacity

Panther Creek Wind Farm features 305 GE turbines. Built in three phases, the farm became operational in 2009, and provides enough electricity to power 135,000 average homes. The farm is owned and operated by E.ON Climate and Renewables.

8. Dabancheng Wind Farm

Xinjiang Uygur, China – 500 MW Capacity

Dabancheng Wind Farm has been 20+ years in the making, and the more than 300 turbines featured there range from older 20 kW models to new 3 MW models. The Debancheng Wind Farm was the brainchild of Wang Wenqui, former head of the Xinjiang Wind Energy Institute, who spent the later part of his life and career pioneering wind energy in China. The farm is currently operated by Xinjiang Tianfeng Wind Power Co. Ltd.

7. Buffalo Gap Wind Farm

Texas, USA – 523.3 MW Capacity

Buffalo Gap Wind Farm was built in three phases called Buffalo Gap 1, 2 and 3, and consists of GE, Siemens and Vestas turbines. Phase one was developed by SeaWest WindPower, but is owned now by AES Wind Generation, who saw the completion of phases two and three.

6. Sweetwater Wind Farm

Texas, USA – 585.3 MW Capacity

Built in five phases, the Sweetwater Wind Farm features approximately 350 turbines provided by GE, Mitsubishi and Siemens.

5. Fowler Ridge Wind Farm

Indiana, USA – 599.8 MW Capacity

Built in two phases and on track for a possible third, Fowler Ridge Wind Farm consists of 355 turbines provided by GE, Vestas, and Clipper. Built on 50,000 acres, the farm can power 200,000 average homes and is owned and operated by BP Alternative Energy North America Inc.

4. Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm

Texas, USA – 662.5 MW Capacity

With 407 turbines—also provided by GE and Siemens—the Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm can generate electricity for roughly 220,000 homes and is owned and operated by a subsidiary of NextEra Energy Resources.

3. Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center

Texas, USA - 735.5 MW Capacity

Horse Hollow consists of 421 turbines provided by GE and Siemens. It covers 47,000 acres of land and was one of the first wind farm’s in the U.S. to have a lawsuit brought against it for noise and appearance complaints by neighbors, but Texas courts dismissed the case. Horse Hollow powers about 180,000 average homes in Texas and is owned and operated by NextEra Energy Resources.

2. Roscoe Wind Farm

Texas, USA - 781.5 MW Capacity

Roscoe Wind Farm is the largest completed wind farm in the world. The farm’s 627 wind turbines—supplied by GE, Siemens AG and Mitsubishi—cover 100,000 acres of land. The complex is capable of powering 260,000 homes. The $1 billion investment came primarily from GE Financial Services and a subsidiary of Wachovia Corporation, as well as E.ON Climate and Renewables, who currently owns and operates the farm.

1. Alta Wind Energy Center

California, USA – 1,550 MW Capacity

The Alta Wind Energy Center rises from the shadows of the antiquated Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm, one of the oldest and largest wind projects in the United States. Newer, larger and more efficient turbines are replacing the aging ones that fill the pass—remnants of California’s wind energy push over thirty years ago. The Alta-Oak Creek Mojave Project is currently under construction and will consist of 320 large high-capacity wind turbines generating 800 MW.

The project is headed by Terra-Gen Power, a renewable energy company with wind, solar, and geothermal projects throughout the United States. Terra-Gen owns and operates seven wind projects in the Tehachapi-Mojavi wind resource area with a total of 617 turbines. They broke ground on the new Alta-Oak Creek Wind Farm in mid-2010. Once complete, the combined farms will together comprise the largest wind farm in the world, providing power to more than 275,000 California residences, and offsetting 5.8 billion pounds of carbon dioxide, 28 million pounds of sulfur dioxide, and 13.2 million pounds of nitrogen oxide emissions annually.